Death in the Victorian Era part 11: Sin Eater

Death in the Victorian Era part 11: Sin Eater

A relic from times previous to the Victorian Era, Sin Eaters carried on a long-held tradition that became more refined as the century passed. Sin-Eaters were men, usually of the lowest socioeconomic status, paid to enter the house of the dead and eat bread and salt from a plate that rested upon the chest of the deceased during the wake period.  It was thought that the Sin Eater, by consuming the food would take on the sins of the deceased, who had magically transferred their wrongdoings into the food that lay upon their chest.

 It was quite common for Sin-Eaters, after finishing their meal, to be beaten severely by the family, abused by onlookers and generally treated with disdain by gathered mourners.

 After the Sin Eater left the building, the mourning family would stand on one side of the coffin and handpieces of “Arvil” cake across the corpse to mourners, the cake would then be washed down with port or spiced ale, once this ritual was complete; the pallbearers could begin their job.
 Some of the upper class used special ‘mazer’ bowls to place the Sin Eater’s food upon the body, these bowls were highly decorative, and some were specifically designed well in advance of death, so the deceased could rest assured that he would have the funeral decorations that he deserved and that showed his social status to the degree he desired. After the funeral, the bowls would become family heirlooms passed down through generations.

 By the end of the Victorian Era, funeral furniture and etiquette had begun to change dramatically, and Sin-Eaters were close to being forgotten. Funerals now featured small ‘funeral biscuits’, symbolising the earlier ‘Arvil Cakes’. In America, these gave way to Funeral Cookies.

 The wealthier elite instead of the lesser ‘funeral biscuit’ had a cake somewhat like a ‘ladyfinger’. These cakes would be wrapped in paper with a black wax seal and could be taken home after the funeral to eat.
 The following is a description of a funeral in Yorkshire:

"funeral of the richer sort": "They had burnt wine and a paper with two [Lady Finger] biscuits sealed up to carry home for their families. The paper in which these biscuits were sealed was printed on one side with a coffin, cross-bones, skulls, hacks, spades, hourglass, etc... sealed with black wax."
 
 One of the last Sin-Eaters recorded was an unknown man who stood beside the grave of Richard Munslow in Shropshire, England in 1906. After eating bread and drinking ale, said the following words; "I give easement and rest now to thee, dear man. Come not down the lanes or in our meadows. And for thy peace, I pawn my own soul. Amen”

 The common folk of many European villages held the belief that sin eaters had mystical powers, not only did they eat the sins of the dead, but they could also stop their souls from returning as wandering ghosts.

 Sin-Eaters were shunned by society, it was the lowest of the low to become one, and in turn, the townsfolk of the villages these poor people would live in would go out of their way to avoid known Sin-Eaters, yet they would call upon them in an instant to eat the sins of their dearly beloved, to gain them passage into Heaven.

Believe it or not, the practice of Sin Eating survives to this day in some areas of Germany, Romania, Serbia, Croatia and other Balkans nations.

Next Week: Death in the Victorian Era part 12: Frozen Charlotte

Follow on Facebook:

https://web.facebook.com/TheHauntsOfAdelaide/

Death in the Victorian Era part 9: Funeral Mutes

 

 It would be unheard of today, and probably considered an extravagant expense, but during the Victorian Era “Funeral Mutes” were considered a normal sight at most upper-class funerals.

Mutes were usually men whose job was to stand outside the door of the deceased person's house and then accompany the coffin to its final resting place. They wore mainly black (or very dark clothing), carried long walking sticks (called a wand) which were covered in black crape, and wore solemn looks upon their faces, much like the clichéd funeral director image we have become accustomed to through cinema and TV shows like Scooby-Doo.

 It is thought the tradition may be a leftover from the old Roman tradition of “lictors” that escorted the funeral processions of Rome’s prominent citizens through the streets to their final resting places.    In the early usage of funeral Mutes, they were essentially ceremonial funeral protectors, standing guard at the doorways of the dead, but as time went on they become more symbolic of the correct way to mourn and conduct oneself at a funeral and set the overall tone for the event.  

 Mutes had their own customs too, black was worn when in service for an adult, but white adornments were added when in service for a child, this included white gloves, a white sash, a top hat with a white lace veil tied around it and sometimes a white scarf tucked inside the Mutes jacket.

 They were generously supplied with gin by their employers, to help them fight the cold when they walked alongside the hearse – this sometimes saw those Mutes who were not so professional, end up very drunk.

 Probably one of the best-known Mutes is Oliver Twist from Charles Dicken's second novel of the same name. Twist, a young boy, is sold by Mr Bumble to Undertaker and Coffin Maker, Mr Sowerberry to work as a mute at children’s funerals and to be his apprentice undertaker.

 By the late 1890s the employment of Funeral Mutes had all but ceased and was seen as a very extravagant cost for the middle and lower classes. By World War One they were all but forgotten.

Next Week:  Death in the Victorian Era part 10: Mourning Cards

Follow on Facebook:

https://web.facebook.com/TheHauntsOfAdelaide/